Continuity and Change in Modern Times - AP European History

1. What was the main purpose of the United Nations?

   Promote international cooperation and peace. Founded after WWII to replace the League of Nations.

2. What major event in 1917 influenced Russia's role in World War I?

   Russian Revolution. Led to Russia's withdrawal from WWI in 1918.

3. Identify the leader of the Solidarity movement in Poland.

   Lech Walesa. Led independent trade union challenging communist rule.

4. Who was the British Prime Minister during most of World War II?

   Winston Churchill. Led Britain through its darkest hour against Nazi Germany.

5. What was the primary ideological conflict during the Cold War?

   Capitalism vs. Communism. Defined the fundamental divide between East and West.

6. What was the main cause of the 1973 oil crisis?

   OPEC oil embargo. Arab oil producers cut production to pressure Western nations.

7. Which French leader established the Fifth Republic in 1958?

   Charles de Gaulle. Created stronger presidential system replacing Fourth Republic.

8. Which treaty established the European Economic Community in 1957?

   Treaty of Rome. Created common market among six founding nations.

9. Identify the main purpose of NATO at its founding in 1949.

   Collective defense against Soviet aggression. Article 5 established mutual defense principle.

10. Name the U.S. policy aimed at containing the spread of communism.

    Containment. Strategy to limit Soviet influence without direct war.

11. Which doctrine announced U.S. support for countries resisting communism?

    Truman Doctrine. Established U.S. commitment to contain Soviet expansion.

12. Who was the leader of Nazi Germany during World War II?

    Adolf Hitler. Rose to power in 1933, leading Germany into WWII.

13. Who led the Soviet Union during the Cuban Missile Crisis?

    Nikita Khrushchev. Succeeded Stalin and faced nuclear confrontation with U.S.

14. What year did the Euro currency officially launch?

    1999. Single currency replaced national currencies in participating states.

15. Who was the leader of Italy during World War II?

    Benito Mussolini. Fascist dictator who allied with Hitler.

16. Which event marked the end of the Soviet Union's control over Eastern Europe?

    Fall of the Berlin Wall. Symbolized collapse of Soviet control over Eastern Europe.

17. Name the policy of detente during the Cold War.

    Easing of tensions between the US and USSR. Reduced nuclear tensions through diplomacy and treaties.

18. In which year did the Soviet Union officially dissolve?

    1991. Marked the definitive end of the Cold War era.

19. What event marked the beginning of the Great Depression?

    Stock Market Crash of 1929. Black Tuesday began worldwide economic collapse.

20. What was the primary goal of the Marshall Plan?

    Rebuild European economies after WWII. U.S. economic aid program to prevent communist expansion.

21. What agreement initiated the division of Africa among European powers?

    Berlin Conference. 1884-85 meeting regulated European colonization of Africa.

22. Identify the treaty that ended World War I.

    Treaty of Versailles. Imposed harsh terms on Germany, creating lasting resentment.

23. What year did World War II end?

    1945. Germany surrendered, ending the war in Europe.

24. What was the primary aim of the Schengen Agreement?

    Abolish border checks within the EU. Created passport-free travel zone in Europe.

25. What was the main outcome of the Yalta Conference in 1945?

    Post-war reorganization of Europe. Big Three divided post-war Europe into spheres.

26. What was the main consequence of the Treaty of Lisbon (2007)?

    Reformed the constitutional framework of the EU. Streamlined EU institutions and decision-making processes.

27. Name the economic policy initiated by Mikhail Gorbachev in the 1980s.

    Perestroika. Restructuring policy that opened Soviet economy.

28. What was the main objective of the European Coal and Steel Community?

    Integrate coal and steel industries in Europe. First step toward European economic integration in 1951.

29. Which country was divided into East and West after World War II?

    Germany. Occupied by Allies and split between East and West.

30. What year did World War I begin?

    1914. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand triggered the war.

31. In what year did the Berlin Wall fall?

    1989. Symbolized the end of Cold War division in Europe.

32. What was the main effect of the Treaty of Maastricht?

    Creation of the European Union. Established economic and political union among member states.

33. Identify the year when the Chernobyl disaster occurred.

    1986. Nuclear power plant explosion highlighted Soviet system flaws.

34. Who was the first female Prime Minister of the United Kingdom?

    Margaret Thatcher. Conservative leader who transformed British economy in 1980s.

35. Identify the primary cause of the Bosnian War (1992-1995).

    Ethnic tensions and breakup of Yugoslavia. Nationalist conflicts erupted after Yugoslavia's collapse.

36. What was the primary aim of the Helsinki Accords (1975)?

    Improve relations between the Communist bloc and the West. Established principles of human rights and cooperation.

37. What was the main focus of the Maastricht Treaty (1992)?

    Establishment of the European Union. Created European Union with common currency and policies.

38. What was the primary goal of the Warsaw Pact?

    Mutual defense among communist states. Soviet response to NATO formation in 1955.

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