Continuity and Change in 18th-Century States - AP European History
- Which event in 1789 marked the beginning of the French Revolution?
- Storming of the Bastille. Symbolized popular uprising against royal tyranny and privilege.
- What was the significant effect of the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century?
- Urbanization. Factory system concentrated workers in cities, transforming society.
- Name the 18th-century ruler known for the slogan 'Enlightened Absolutism'.
- Catherine the Great. Combined absolute rule with Enlightenment reforms and religious tolerance.
- What did the Enlightenment promote as a means of understanding the world?
- Reason and scientific method. Rejected tradition and superstition in favor of empirical knowledge.
- Which 18th-century economic policy favored a favorable balance of trade?
- Mercantilism. Sought national wealth through export surplus and gold accumulation.
- Identify the 18th-century Prussian ruler known for military reforms.
- Frederick the Great. Built Prussia into major European power through military innovation.
- Which 18th-century war is known as the first 'world war'?
- Seven Years' War. Fought across multiple continents involving major European powers.
- What was the main focus of the Physiocrats' economic theory?
- Agriculture. Believed agricultural productivity was the source of national wealth.
- What was the primary goal of the Enlightenment?
- To promote reason and individualism. Challenged traditional authority through rational thought and natural rights.
- What was the main economic system in 18th-century Europe?
- Mercantilism. Dominated European economics with export promotion and import restrictions.
- Name the 18th-century movement that emphasized reason and science.
- The Enlightenment. Promoted rational inquiry over traditional religious authority.
- What was the main purpose of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?
- To restore balance of power in Europe. Restored monarchies and contained revolutionary nationalism after Napoleon.
- What was the impact of the Enlightenment on 18th-century political thought?
- Challenged absolute monarchy. Popular sovereignty and natural rights undermined divine right theory.
- What was a major effect of the Agricultural Revolution in the 18th century?
- Increased food production. Supported population growth and urbanization trends.
- What economic theory did Adam Smith challenge in 'The Wealth of Nations'?
- Mercantilism. Critiqued state intervention in favor of free market principles.
- What was the primary reason for the War of Austrian Succession?
- Maria Theresa's right to the throne. European powers disputed Habsburg inheritance through female succession.
- Which 18th-century ruler is known for modernizing Russia?
- Peter the Great. Westernized Russia through military, administrative, and cultural reforms.
- Name the 18th-century war that was part of the Seven Years' War in North America.
- French and Indian War. Colonial theater of global Seven Years' War between European powers.
- What treaty ended the War of Spanish Succession in 1713?
- Treaty of Utrecht. Established European balance of power after Louis XIV's succession war.
- What was the dominant political structure in 18th-century France?
- Absolute Monarchy. Centralized royal power under Louis XIV's model of divine right.
- Which philosopher advocated for the separation of powers in government?
- Montesquieu. Influenced American constitution with executive, legislative, judicial branches.
- Identify the Enlightenment thinker who wrote 'The Social Contract'.
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Advocated popular sovereignty and general will in political theory.
- Which 18th-century thinker is known for his work on political economy?
- Adam Smith. Authored 'The Wealth of Nations' promoting free market economics.
- Identify the country that experienced a significant industrialization in the late 18th century.
- Great Britain. Led early Industrial Revolution with textile and steam innovations.
- Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
- Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered women's rights arguments during Enlightenment era.
- What did the Act of Union 1707 achieve?
- Unified England and Scotland. Created Kingdom of Great Britain from separate nations.
- Who was the first Prime Minister of Great Britain?
- Sir Robert Walpole. Established parliamentary government system in constitutional monarchy.
- Which 18th-century invention revolutionized the textile industry?
- Spinning Jenny. Mechanized spinning process, increasing textile production efficiency.
- What was the primary language of the European Enlightenment?
- French. Served as lingua franca for intellectual discourse across Europe.
- Which monarch is associated with the phrase 'I am the state'?
- Louis XIV. Embodied absolute monarchy and divine right theory at Versailles.
- Who is the Enlightenment thinker known for his criticism of religion?
- Voltaire. Championed religious tolerance and freedom of speech.
- What was the impact of the Enlightenment on the arts in the 18th century?
- Neoclassicism. Revival of classical Greek and Roman artistic styles and themes.