Contextualizing the Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment - AP European History
- Who is credited with the discovery of the circulation of blood?
- William Harvey. Demonstrated heart pumps blood through body systematically.
- Which philosopher wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
- Immanuel Kant. Examined limits and capabilities of human rational knowledge.
- Name the work by Isaac Newton that outlines the laws of motion.
- Principia Mathematica. Mathematical foundation for classical mechanics and physics.
- Identify the Enlightenment thinker who promoted the idea of 'tabula rasa'.
- John Locke. Believed minds are blank slates shaped by experience.
- Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the concept of the social contract?
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued government legitimacy comes from people's consent.
- Which scientist is associated with the development of calculus?
- Isaac Newton. Co-invented with Leibniz for mathematical analysis.
- Which Enlightenment thinker is known for the principle 'I think, therefore I am'?
- René Descartes. Established foundation for rational, systematic philosophical inquiry.
- What did the Enlightenment challenge in terms of religious views?
- Dogma. Questioned unquestioned religious doctrines and church authority.
- What is the term for the 18th-century intellectuals who promoted progress and reason?
- Philosophes. French Enlightenment writers promoting rational reform.
- Which Enlightenment thinker is known for his work on the Encyclopédie?
- Denis Diderot. Compiled comprehensive reference work of Enlightenment knowledge.
- Identify the thinker who argued for checks and balances in government.
- Montesquieu. Prevent tyranny through balanced governmental power distribution.
- Name the Enlightenment thinker who influenced the U.S. Declaration of Independence.
- John Locke. Natural rights theory shaped American revolutionary ideals.
- Name the Enlightenment thinker who supported religious tolerance.
- Voltaire. Opposed religious persecution and promoted religious freedom.
- Which scientist's work laid the foundation for modern physics?
- Isaac Newton. Mathematical laws describing motion and gravitational forces.
- Identify the Enlightenment figure who advocated for freedom of speech.
- Voltaire. Defended expression of ideas against censorship and persecution.
- What is Voltaire known for criticizing during the Enlightenment?
- The Church. Advocated religious tolerance and opposed Church authority.
- What was the primary method used by Enlightenment thinkers to discover truth?
- Scientific Method. Systematic observation and experimentation to test hypotheses.
- Who wrote 'Candide', a satire critiquing optimism and society?
- Voltaire. Satirized philosophical optimism and social injustices.
- What principle did Copernicus challenge with his heliocentric model?
- Geocentrism. Replaced Earth-centered universe with sun-centered model.
- Identify the heliocentric model's proponent during the Scientific Revolution.
- Nicolaus Copernicus. Proposed sun-centered solar system, challenging geocentric views.
- Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers?
- Montesquieu. Proposed dividing government into legislative, executive, judicial branches.
- Identify the author of 'Two Treatises of Government'.
- John Locke. Argued against divine right and for natural rights.
- Which Enlightenment thinker is associated with the idea of economic liberalism?
- Adam Smith. Advocated free markets and minimal government intervention.
- Name the invention that greatly aided the Scientific Revolution.
- Telescope. Enabled systematic observation of distant celestial objects.
- What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human capability?
- Reason and progress. Belief in human rational capacity for improvement and advancement.
- Which book by Thomas Hobbes describes life in a state of nature?
- Leviathan. Described life without government as brutish and short.
- What concept did Mary Wollstonecraft advocate for in 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?
- Women's equality. Early feminist arguing women deserve equal education and rights.
- What was the impact of the printing press on the Enlightenment?
- Spread of ideas. Enabled rapid dissemination of new scientific and philosophical ideas.
- Who formulated the laws of motion in 'Principia Mathematica'?
- Isaac Newton. Established mathematical principles governing physical motion.
- Identify the scientist who discovered the moons of Jupiter.
- Galileo Galilei. First to observe Jupiter's four largest moons telescopically.
- What is the main focus of Enlightenment thought?
- Reason and individualism. Core principles challenging traditional authority and superstition.
- Name the scientist who formulated the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
- Isaac Newton. Unified celestial and terrestrial mechanics in one theory.
- What does the term 'Enlightenment' refer to in European history?
- 18th-century intellectual movement. Period emphasizing reason, science, and human progress.
- What was the primary intellectual movement during the Enlightenment?
- Rationalism. Emphasized reason and logic over tradition and superstition.
- Name the concept that suggests individuals can improve through education.
- Perfectibility. Belief that humans can improve through rational education.
- Identify the scientist known for the law of planetary motion.
- Johannes Kepler. Discovered planets move in elliptical, not circular orbits.
- What is the Enlightenment's view on traditional authority?
- Skepticism. Questioned inherited customs and institutions using reason.
- Who published 'The Starry Messenger' in 1610, supporting heliocentric views?
- Galileo Galilei. First telescopic observations of celestial bodies.
- Identify the mathematician and astronomer who improved the telescope.
- Galileo Galilei. Enhanced telescope to study celestial objects systematically.