Contextualizing 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments - AP European History
- Which 19th-century agreement divided Africa among European powers?
- Berlin Conference. 1884-1885 meeting established rules for European colonization of Africa.
- What was the main outcome of the Congress of Berlin (1878)?
- Reorganization of Balkan territories. Reduced Russian influence and created new independent Balkan states.
- Identify the 19th-century cultural movement focused on nature and emotion.
- Romanticism. Emphasized individual expression, natural beauty, and emotional authenticity.
- Which document, published in 1848, called for the overthrow of capitalist societies?
- The Communist Manifesto. Marx and Engels outlined revolutionary program for working class revolution.
- Who was the German Chancellor responsible for unifying Germany in the 19th century?
- Otto von Bismarck. Used diplomacy and warfare to unite German states under Prussian leadership.
- Identify the 19th-century war that led to the unification of Germany.
- Franco-Prussian War. Prussian victory created conditions for German states to unite under Prussia.
- Name the 19th-century British Prime Minister known for expanding the British Empire.
- Benjamin Disraeli. Conservative leader who pursued aggressive imperial expansion policies.
- Which 19th-century economic theory promotes free-market principles?
- Classical economics. Smith and Ricardo advocated minimal government intervention in markets.
- Identify the 19th-century conflict fought over control of the Crimean Peninsula.
- Crimean War. Exposed Ottoman weakness and shifted European balance toward Russia.
- Name the 19th-century political doctrine that opposed revolutionary change.
- Conservatism. Favored monarchy, church, and aristocracy against liberal and radical ideas.
- Which 19th-century invention revolutionized communication?
- Telegraph. Enabled rapid long-distance messaging across continents and oceans.
- Identify the 19th-century policy of protecting domestic industries through tariffs.
- Protectionism. High import duties shielded national industries from foreign competition.
- Who was a prominent figure in the Italian unification movement?
- Giuseppe Garibaldi. Led military campaigns that unified southern Italy under Sardinia-Piedmont.
- What was the main goal of the Chartist movement in 19th-century Britain?
- Political reform and universal suffrage. Working-class movement demanded democratic representation and worker rights.
- What was the primary aim of the feminist movement in the 19th century?
- Women's suffrage and rights. Campaigned for legal equality and political participation for women.
- What 19th-century artistic movement emphasized emotion and individualism?
- Romanticism. Reacted against Enlightenment rationalism, celebrating feeling and imagination.
- Name the 19th-century campaign to improve conditions for workers.
- Labor movement. Organized workers to demand better wages, hours, and working conditions.
- What ideology emphasizes the importance of tradition and social stability?
- Conservatism. Prioritizes established institutions and gradual change over radical reform.
- Identify the 19th-century movement advocating for workers' rights and social equality.
- Socialism. Emerged from industrial working class struggles and economic inequality.
- What ideology is characterized by the belief in class struggle?
- Marxism. Theory that history progresses through conflicts between social classes.
- Which 19th-century ideology advocated for a classless society?
- Communism. Envisioned society without private property or social class divisions.
- What was the primary cause of the Irish Potato Famine in the 19th century?
- Potato blight. Fungal disease destroyed potato crops, causing mass starvation and emigration.
- Identify the 19th-century French leader who established the Second Empire.
- Napoleon III. Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte ruled France as authoritarian emperor 1852-1870.
- What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna (1814-1815)?
- Restore balance of power in Europe. Prevented any single power from dominating Europe after Napoleon's defeat.
- What was the significance of the 1848 Revolutions in Europe?
- Widespread demands for political change. Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged conservative order across Europe.
- Which 19th-century movement focused on individual rights and freedoms?
- Liberalism. Championed constitutional government, civil liberties, and economic freedom.
- What term describes the policy of extending a country's power and influence through colonization?
- Imperialism. European powers competed for overseas territories and economic dominance.
- Which movement aimed to end slavery in the 19th century?
- Abolitionism. Moral and political campaign against human bondage and forced labor.
- What term describes the 19th-century belief in the superiority of one's own nation?
- Chauvinism. Extreme patriotism often accompanied by hostility toward other nations.
- Identify the 19th-century British law that expanded suffrage to more men.
- Reform Act of 1832. Extended voting rights to middle-class property owners in Britain.
- What term describes the belief in minimal government interference in the economy?
- Laissez-faire. Adam Smith's principle allowing market forces to operate without regulation.
- Which 19th-century ideology sought to unify people with common cultural traits?
- Nationalism. Promoted shared language, history, and culture as basis for political unity.
- Who wrote 'Das Kapital', critiquing the capitalist system?
- Karl Marx. Analyzed capitalism's contradictions and predicted its eventual collapse.
- Who was the 19th-century philosopher that influenced communism with his ideas?
- Karl Marx. Developed historical materialism and critique of capitalist economic systems.