Contextualizing 16th/17th-Century Challenges, Developments - AP European History

1. Name the English philosopher who advocated for empiricism.

   Francis Bacon. Promoted scientific method based on observation and experiment.

2. What year did the Defenestration of Prague occur, sparking the Thirty Years' War?

   1618. Bohemian nobles threw Imperial officials from window.

3. Name the 17th-century philosopher who wrote 'Leviathan'.

   Thomas Hobbes. Political theorist advocated for absolute sovereign power.

4. Name the painter known for works like 'The Night Watch'.

   Rembrandt van Rijn. Dutch Golden Age master of light and shadow.

5. Which ruler is known for the phrase 'I am the state'?

   Louis XIV. Sun King epitomized absolute monarchy at Versailles.

6. Which economic theory dominated European policies in the 16th century?

   Mercantilism. Emphasized accumulating gold, favorable trade balance.

7. Which ruler is known for the establishment of the Anglican Church?

   Henry VIII. Broke from Rome to annul marriage to Catherine of Aragon.

8. Who was the first Stuart king of England?

   James I. Succeeded Elizabeth I, uniting English and Scottish crowns.

9. Identify the first permanent English settlement in America.

   Jamestown. Virginia Company established 1607 colonial foothold.

10. Which country experienced the Glorious Revolution in 1688?

    England. William of Orange replaced Catholic James II peacefully.

11. What was the main purpose of the Spanish Armada?

    To invade England and overthrow Queen Elizabeth I. Philip II sought to restore Catholic rule in England.

12. What was the main outcome of the Glorious Revolution?

    The establishment of constitutional monarchy in England. Parliamentary sovereignty replaced absolute royal power permanently.

13. Which treaty marked the end of the Eighty Years' War?

    The Treaty of Münster. Part of Peace of Westphalia recognizing Dutch independence.

14. Which event in 1649 marked the execution of a king in England?

    The execution of Charles I. Parliamentary victory in English Civil War established precedent.

15. Identify the year the Spanish Inquisition was established.

    1478. Ferdinand and Isabella's tool for religious unity.

16. What was the primary purpose of the Spanish Inquisition?

    To maintain Catholic orthodoxy in Spain. Targeted Muslims, Jews, and suspected heretics systematically.

17. Identify the architect of St. Peter's Basilica dome.

    Michelangelo. Renaissance architect designed iconic Vatican dome structure.

18. What was a major consequence of the Peace of Augsburg in 1555?

    It allowed princes to choose the religion of their territories. Cuius regio, eius religio principle established.

19. Identify the event that marked the end of the Tudor dynasty.

    The death of Elizabeth I in 1603. Last Tudor monarch died childless, succeeded by Stuarts.

20. What was the main focus of Baroque art?

    Dramatic expression and grandeur. Catholic Counter-Reformation artistic style emphasized emotion.

21. Name the author of 'Don Quixote'.

    Miguel de Cervantes. Spanish Golden Age writer created modern novel form.

22. What was the primary goal of the Catholic Counter-Reformation?

    To reform the Church and counter Protestant growth. Council of Trent and Jesuits led Catholic revival.

23. Name the conflict also known as the Eighty Years' War.

    The Dutch War of Independence. Netherlands fought for independence from Spanish rule.

24. What was the primary goal of the Protestant Reformation?

    To reform the practices and beliefs of the Catholic Church. Led by Luther, Calvin, and others challenging Catholic authority.

25. Identify the artist famous for the Sistine Chapel ceiling.

    Michelangelo. Renaissance master who painted biblical scenes above altar.

26. Name the Italian scientist who supported heliocentrism.

    Galileo Galilei. Used telescope observations to support Copernican theory.

27. Name the naval battle where the Ottoman Empire was defeated in 1571.

    The Battle of Lepanto. Holy League naval victory halted Ottoman expansion westward.

28. Name the ruler who led the Dutch Revolt against Spain.

    William of Orange. Silent Prince led resistance against Spanish Habsburg rule.

29. What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent?

    To counter the Protestant Reformation and reform the Church. Catholic response clarifying doctrine and reforming practices.

30. Identify the year the Spanish Armada was defeated.

    1588. Philip II's fleet defeated by English navy and storms.

31. What was the Edict of Nantes issued in 1598?

    It granted religious toleration to Huguenots in France. Henry IV's compromise ending French Wars of Religion.

32. Which 16th-century event led to a major schism in Christianity?

    The Protestant Reformation. Luther's 95 Theses sparked religious revolution across Europe.

33. Which treaty ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648?

    The Treaty of Westphalia. Established principle of state sovereignty in Europe.

34. Identify the artist known for the painting 'The Last Supper'.

    Leonardo da Vinci. High Renaissance master painted Milan monastery masterpiece.

35. Identify the year the English Civil War began.

    1642. Parliament versus King Charles I over royal prerogatives.

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