Causation: Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment - AP European History
- Identify the author of 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'.
- Mary Wollstonecraft. Pioneered arguments for women's education and equality.
- What was the Enlightenment's main focus?
- Reason and individualism. Emphasized rational thinking over traditional authority and superstition.
- What did the Enlightenment promote in terms of economics?
- Free market and capitalism. Opposed mercantilism and promoted individual economic freedom.
- Who wrote 'Leviathan'?
- Thomas Hobbes. Argued for strong government to control human nature's brutality.
- What did the Enlightenment encourage in terms of science and religion?
- Separation of science and religion. Promoted secular reasoning independent of religious doctrine.
- What was Denis Diderot's contribution to the Enlightenment?
- The Encyclopédie. Comprehensive reference work organizing human knowledge systematically.
- Which philosopher wrote 'The Social Contract'?
- Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Argued for popular sovereignty and the general will.
- How did Enlightenment ideas spread across Europe?
- Through books, pamphlets, and salons. Print culture and intellectual networks facilitated rapid dissemination.
- Who proposed the heliocentric model?
- Nicolaus Copernicus. Published 'On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres' in 1543.
- What was Voltaire's stance on religion?
- He advocated for religious tolerance. Opposed religious persecution and promoted freedom of belief.
- Which book did Isaac Newton write in 1687?
- Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. Established the mathematical laws governing motion and gravity.
- Who is known as the 'Father of Modern Chemistry'?
- Antoine Lavoisier. Developed the law of conservation of mass and modern chemistry.
- What did the Enlightenment advocate for in terms of justice?
- Reform of criminal justice systems. Promoted humane punishment and rehabilitation over torture.
- What was John Locke known for advocating?
- Natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Argued these rights are inherent and cannot be taken by government.
- Who developed the laws of planetary motion?
- Johannes Kepler. Proved planets follow elliptical orbits, not perfect circles.
- What role did salons play in the Enlightenment?
- Centers for intellectual exchange. Facilitated discussion and spread of Enlightenment philosophy.
- Which invention was crucial to the Scientific Revolution?
- The printing press. Enabled rapid spread of scientific discoveries and ideas.
- What did Galileo Galilei improve to study the stars?
- The telescope. Enhanced magnification allowed detailed observation of celestial bodies.
- Which concept did Montesquieu introduce?
- Separation of powers. Divided government into executive, legislative, and judicial branches.
- Which scientific figure is known for laws of motion?
- Isaac Newton. Formulated three fundamental laws describing object motion.
- What did the Scientific Method rely on?
- Observation and experimentation. Replaced reliance on ancient texts with direct study of nature.
- Which Enlightenment thinker wrote 'Critique of Pure Reason'?
- Immanuel Kant. Synthesized empiricism and rationalism in German philosophy.
- What was the Enlightenment view on education?
- It should be available to all. Promoted universal literacy to spread reason and knowledge.
- What did the Enlightenment criticize about monarchies?
- Absolute rule and lack of representation. Challenged divine right theory and promoted popular consent.
- Which institution was most challenged during the Scientific Revolution?
- The Catholic Church. Its authority over natural philosophy was directly undermined.
- What is empiricism?
- Knowledge through sensory experience. Opposed rationalism that relied on innate ideas and logic.
- What was the primary cause of the Scientific Revolution?
- The questioning of traditional authorities. Led to rejection of Aristotelian natural philosophy and Church-based science.
- What did the Enlightenment emphasize in terms of human rights?
- Universal equality and liberty. Proclaimed all humans possess inherent dignity and rights.
- Which Enlightenment thinker influenced the US Constitution?
- John Locke. His social contract theory influenced American founding principles.
- What was a consequence of the Enlightenment on revolutions?
- Inspired democratic revolutions. Ideas about natural rights fueled American and French Revolutions.
- What is the heliocentric theory?
- The theory that the Earth orbits the Sun. Challenged the geocentric model that placed Earth at the center.
- What was the impact of the Enlightenment on art and culture?
- Promoted neoclassicism. Emphasized classical ideals of reason, order, and virtue.
- What did the Enlightenment emphasize in governance?
- Separation of powers and democracy. Promoted checks and balances against absolute monarchy.
- What scientific advancement is Galileo credited with?
- Observational astronomy. Used telescopes to discover moons of Jupiter and lunar craters.
- What was the impact of the Scientific Revolution on religion?
- Challenged the Church's authority. Scientific discoveries contradicted biblical cosmology and theology.
- What was René Descartes' famous philosophical statement?
- Cogito, ergo sum (I think, therefore I am). Established the foundation of rational thought and self-awareness.
- How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment?
- It promoted reason and empirical evidence. Scientific methods became models for studying society and politics.