Causation in the Age of Industrialization - AP European History
- What was the impact of the Industrial Revolution on labor?
- Increased factory work and decreased agricultural employment. Mass production created factory jobs but reduced farm employment.
- What legislation limited child labor in Britain?
- The Factory Act of 1833. Prohibited employment of children under 9 in textile mills.
- Name a primary fuel source used during the Industrial Revolution.
- Coal. Abundant and efficient energy source for steam engines and factories.
- What was one effect of the mechanization of agriculture?
- Increased food production. Machines improved farming efficiency and crop yields.
- What is urbanization?
- The process of people moving from rural to urban areas. Factory jobs drew workers from countryside to industrial cities.
- What was a common working condition in early factories?
- Long hours and unsafe environments. Workers faced dangerous machinery without safety regulations.
- Who is known for the theory of Communism?
- Karl Marx. Critiqued capitalism and proposed worker ownership of production.
- Identify the economic theory advocating for minimal government intervention.
- Laissez-faire. Government should not interfere with business operations.
- What was a significant environmental impact of industrialization?
- Increased pollution. Coal burning and industrial waste contaminated air and water.
- Identify a major public health reformer in 19th century Britain.
- Edwin Chadwick. Advocated sanitation improvements and disease prevention measures.
- Identify one of the primary labor sources for early factories.
- Women and children. Cheap labor force willing to work for low wages.
- What was a major consequence of the Enclosure Acts in Britain?
- Displacement of peasant farmers. Common lands were privatized, forcing rural workers to cities.
- What was the approximate time frame of the first Industrial Revolution?
- 1760 to 1840. Period when mechanization transformed European manufacturing.
- What is the Industrial Revolution?
- The transition to new manufacturing processes in Europe (c. 1760-1840). Marked the shift from hand production to machine manufacturing.
- What is the significance of the year 1848 in Europe?
- Year of widespread revolutionary movements across Europe. Liberal and nationalist uprisings challenged conservative monarchies.
- Which city became synonymous with the Industrial Revolution?
- Manchester. Industrial center known as 'Cottonopolis' for textile production.
- Which invention revolutionized communication in the 19th century?
- The telegraph. Enabled instant long-distance messaging across continents.
- Identify one effect of industrialization on global trade.
- Increased volume and speed of trade. Railroads and steamships accelerated international commerce.
- Which invention is attributed to Richard Arkwright?
- The water frame. Water-powered spinning machine that produced stronger thread.
- Identify one major technological advancement during the Industrial Revolution.
- The steam engine. Powered machinery and transportation, revolutionizing production.
- What is the 'putting-out' system?
- A pre-industrial manufacturing method using home-based work. Merchants distributed raw materials to rural cottage workers.
- What book did Karl Marx co-author in 1848?
- The Communist Manifesto. Called for workers to unite against capitalist exploitation.
- Identify a major social consequence of the Industrial Revolution.
- Child labor in factories. Young workers faced dangerous conditions and long hours.
- Name the philosopher associated with Utilitarianism.
- Jeremy Bentham. Philosophy promoting greatest happiness for greatest number.
- Which social class expanded due to the Industrial Revolution?
- The middle class. Factory owners and professionals gained wealth and social status.
- What was a key transportation development during the Industrial Revolution?
- The railroad. Steam-powered trains transformed goods and passenger movement.
- Which financial institution expanded due to industrialization?
- Banks. Provided capital for factory construction and business expansion.
- What characterized the second phase of the Industrial Revolution?
- Advances in steel, chemicals, and electricity. New technologies expanded beyond textiles to heavy industry.
- What labor organization emerged during the Industrial Revolution?
- Trade unions. Workers organized to demand better wages and conditions.
- Which industry was first transformed by the Industrial Revolution?
- The textile industry. Cotton production was mechanized first with spinning and weaving innovations.
- Who wrote 'The Wealth of Nations'?
- Adam Smith. Advocated free market economics and division of labor principles.
- Name a factor that contributed to Britain's leadership in the Industrial Revolution.
- Abundant coal resources. Provided cheap energy for steam engines and iron production.
- Who invented the spinning jenny?
- James Hargreaves. Multi-spindle device increased cotton thread production efficiency.
- Which country led the Industrial Revolution?
- Great Britain. Had natural resources, capital, and favorable conditions for innovation.
- Identify a health impact of industrialization on urban areas.
- Increased spread of diseases. Overcrowding and poor sanitation led to cholera outbreaks.
- What economic system is associated with the Industrial Revolution?
- Capitalism. Private ownership and profit motive drove industrial investment.
- What did the Luddites oppose?
- Industrial machinery and its impact on jobs. Textile workers who destroyed labor-saving machines.
- Which invention is associated with Samuel Morse?
- The Morse code. Dot-dash communication system for telegraph messages.