Causation: 19th-Century Perspectives and Political Developments - AP European History

Name the conflict between Russia and the Ottoman Empire in the mid-19th century.

Crimean War. Exposed Ottoman weakness and shifted European balance of power.
Which 19th-century empire was referred to as the 'sick man of Europe'?

Ottoman Empire. Declining power created power vacuum in southeastern Europe.
What 19th-century political movement sought independence for nation-states?

Nationalism. Drove unification movements across fragmented European territories.
Which 19th-century political ideology advocated for the abolition of monarchy?

Republicanism. Promoted popular sovereignty and rejection of hereditary rule.
Identify the 19th-century ideology that calls for workers' control over production.

Socialism. Emerged from industrial working class demands for economic equality.
What was a major cause of the 19th-century Irish Potato Famine?

Potato blight. Agricultural disease devastated Ireland's primary food source.
Identify the political doctrine that emphasizes the importance of the nation and national identity.

Nationalism. United ethnic groups seeking self-determination and independence.
Which 19th-century figure is associated with the Communist Manifesto?

Karl Marx. Developed revolutionary theory of class struggle and socialist economics.
Which 19th-century figure is associated with the concept of utilitarianism?

Jeremy Bentham. Promoted 'greatest happiness for greatest number' principle in policy.
Which 19th-century ideology advocates for free markets and individual liberties?

Liberalism. Championed constitutional government and economic freedom from state control.
What was the primary focus of 19th-century Romanticism?

Emotion and individualism. Cultural movement reacting against Enlightenment rationalism and order.
Which 19th-century ideology emphasized the importance of community and cooperation?

Socialism. Stressed collective welfare over individual competitive advantage.
Which 19th-century political ideology focused on the welfare of the working class?

Socialism. Advocated government intervention to protect laborers from exploitation.
Name the political strategy that involves manipulation for practical ends.

Realpolitik. Politics based on practical considerations rather than moral ideals.
What was the main outcome of the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Compromise?

Formation of Austria-Hungary. Created dual monarchy to satisfy Hungarian nationalist demands.
Which 19th-century doctrine asserts that the means of production should be socialized?

Marxism. Marx's theory predicted inevitable worker revolution against capitalism.
Which 19th-century treaty ended the Napoleonic Wars?

Treaty of Paris (1815). Formally concluded Napoleon's defeat and European territorial reorganization.
Which 19th-century figure is known for unifying Germany through warfare?

Otto von Bismarck. Used 'blood and iron' policy to achieve German political unity.
Identify the slogan that encapsulates the goals of the French Revolution.

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity. Revolutionary ideals that inspired democratic movements across Europe.
What was the significance of the Dreyfus Affair in France?

Exposed anti-Semitism and divided public opinion. Revealed deep-seated prejudice and weakened French national unity.
Which event in 1848 led to widespread revolutions across Europe?

The Revolutions of 1848. Liberal nationalist uprisings challenged conservative monarchical systems.
What was Otto von Bismarck's policy of 'realpolitik' focused on?

Practical and pragmatic politics. Prioritized achievable goals over ideological principles in statecraft.
What is the term for the 19th-century belief in racial superiority and imperial expansion?

Social Darwinism. Applied evolutionary theory to justify racial hierarchies and imperialism.
What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna in 1815?

Restore balance of power in Europe. Prevented any single power from dominating post-Napoleonic Europe.
What was the main goal of the 19th-century British Reform Acts?

Expand suffrage. Gradually extended voting rights to broader segments of society.
What ideology emphasizes tradition and social stability in 19th-century Europe?

Conservatism. Prioritized established institutions and gradual change over revolutionary upheaval.
What was the primary effect of the Industrial Revolution on European politics?

Rise of industrial capitalism. Created new social classes and altered traditional power structures.
What was the primary focus of the 19th-century Chartist movement in Britain?

Political reforms and suffrage. Working-class movement demanded democratic participation in government.
Identify the 19th-century policy that aimed to expand a country's power and influence.

Imperialism. European powers sought global markets and territorial dominance.
Which 19th-century social class grew due to industrialization?

Middle class. Industrial wealth created new political and economic influence.
Which two countries were involved in the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-1871?

France and Prussia. Bismarck used conflict to complete German unification under Prussia.
What was the economic doctrine advocating minimal government intervention in the 19th century?

Laissez-faire. Economic liberalism opposing government regulation of markets.
What was the primary aim of the Frankfurt Assembly in 1848?

Unify German states. Liberal assembly sought constitutional monarchy for unified Germany.
Who was the leading figure in Italian unification?

Giuseppe Garibaldi. Led military campaigns that created the Kingdom of Italy.
What is the term for the 19th-century movement towards the abolition of slavery?

Abolitionism. Moral crusade against human bondage gained international momentum.
What was the main aim of the 19th-century Zionist movement?

Establish a Jewish homeland. Response to anti-Semitism and desire for national self-determination.
Which 19th-century event marked the end of serfdom in Russia?

Emancipation Reform of 1861. Tsar Alexander II freed millions from feudal bondage system.

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