Age of Reformation, Wars of Religion - AP European History

Identify the treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War in 1648.

Treaty of Westphalia. Established the principle of state sovereignty in European politics.
What event began the Protestant Reformation in 1517?

Martin Luther's Ninety-Five Theses. Luther's critique of indulgences sparked the Protestant movement.
Identify the ruler known for the Spanish Armada's failed invasion of England.

Philip II of Spain. Attempted to restore Catholic rule in Protestant England in 1588.
Identify the pope who excommunicated Martin Luther.

Pope Leo X. Medici pope who initially underestimated the threat of Lutheran reform.
Which religious group was targeted during the Spanish Inquisition?

Protestants and other non-Catholics. Conversos, Moriscos, and suspected heretics faced persecution and trials.
Who was the Holy Roman Emperor during the early Reformation period?

Charles V. Habsburg ruler who faced Luther at the Diet of Worms.
Identify the French king who converted to Catholicism to strengthen his rule.

Henry IV. Converted from Protestantism, declaring 'Paris is worth a Mass.'
Which doctrine was central to the theology of the Lutheran Church?

Justification by faith alone. Salvation depends on faith, not good works or papal authority.
Which English monarch broke with the Catholic Church in 1534?

Henry VIII. Sought annulment from Rome to marry Anne Boleyn and produce a male heir.
What was the primary purpose of the Inquisition during the Reformation?

To combat heresy and enforce Catholic doctrine. Spanish tribunal used to maintain religious orthodoxy and political control.
Which 1534 act declared Henry VIII the head of the Church of England?

Act of Supremacy. Established royal supremacy over English church instead of papal authority.
Which religious group did the Treaty of Westphalia recognize?

Calvinists. Extended religious recognition beyond just Lutherans and Catholics.
Which reformation leader translated the Bible into German?

Martin Luther. Made scripture accessible to common people in their vernacular language.
What was the main cause of the French Wars of Religion?

Conflict between Catholics and Huguenots. Religious divisions between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots.
What was the political impact of the Peace of Westphalia?

Marked the rise of state sovereignty. Ended religious justifications for war and strengthened secular authority.
What was the main goal of the Counter-Reformation?

To reform the Catholic Church and counter Protestantism. Catholic response to halt Protestant expansion and clarify doctrine.
What role did indulgences play in sparking the Protestant Reformation?

Their sale was criticized by reformers like Martin Luther. Luther condemned the practice as corrupting salvation through payment.
Name the religious order founded by Ignatius of Loyola.

The Jesuits. Founded in 1540 to spread Catholic education and missionary work.
What was a direct consequence of the Edict of Worms (1521)?

Luther was declared an outlaw and his works were banned. Charles V condemned Luther as a heretic and enemy of the empire.
Name the 16th-century movement that sought to reform the Catholic Church and combat Protestant growth.

Counter-Reformation. Catholic Church's organized response to Protestant Reformation challenges.
What was the main outcome of the Peace of Augsburg (1555)?

Allowed German princes to choose their state's religion. Established religious autonomy for German territories within the Empire.
What was a major consequence of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre?

Intensified the French Wars of Religion. Radicalized Catholic-Protestant tensions and prolonged religious warfare.
What was the primary aim of the Council of Trent (1545-1563)?

To clarify Catholic doctrine and reform church practices. Ecumenical council that defined Catholic teachings against Protestant theology.
Which treaty ended the Habsburg-Valois Wars?

Peace of Cateau-Cambrésis. 1559 agreement ended Habsburg-Valois rivalry over Italian territories.
Which 1555 agreement allowed German princes to choose their state's religion?

Peace of Augsburg. Established 'cuius regio, eius religio' principle in the Holy Roman Empire.
Name the Swiss reformer who led the Reformation in Zurich.

Huldrych Zwingli. Contemporary of Luther who emphasized scriptural authority over tradition.
What was the significance of the Diet of Worms (1521)?

Luther refused to recant his teachings. Luther's defiant stand against imperial and papal authority.
What was the primary impact of the Peace of Westphalia on Europe?

It marked the end of large-scale religious wars in Europe. Shifted focus from religious to political conflicts in European diplomacy.
Identify the 1559 religious settlement that established the Church of England's doctrines.

Elizabethan Religious Settlement. Elizabeth I's compromise between Catholic and Protestant practices.
What was the primary goal of the Schmalkaldic League?

To defend Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire. Military alliance formed in 1531 to protect Lutheran principalities.
Which reformer is associated with the doctrine of 'justification by faith alone'?

Martin Luther. Salvation through faith alone, not good works or church sacraments.
What term describes the Catholic Church's efforts to reform itself in response to Protestantism?

Counter-Reformation. Catholic revival movement to strengthen the church against Protestant challenges.
What was the primary theological belief of Calvinism?

Predestination. Calvin taught that God predetermined who would achieve salvation.
Which edict, issued in 1598, granted religious tolerance to Huguenots in France?

Edict of Nantes. Henry IV granted religious freedom to end the French Wars of Religion.
Identify the 1572 massacre of Huguenots in France.

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Catherine de' Medici ordered the killing of Protestant leaders in Paris.

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