Legal and Ethical Concerns - AP Computer Science Principles

1. What is spyware?

   Software that gathers information about a person without their knowledge. Secretly monitors user activity and may steal sensitive personal information.

2. What is data mining?

   The process of discovering patterns in large data sets. Uses algorithms to extract insights and knowledge from massive datasets.

3. What is a digital footprint?

   The record of one's online activities. Includes all digital traces left by online searches, posts, and interactions.

4. What is a Creative Commons license?

   A license that allows free use of a work under certain conditions. Offers alternatives to traditional copyright with varying levels of permissions.

5. What is a VPN?

   Virtual Private Network, secures internet connection. Creates encrypted tunnel to protect data transmission and hide location.

6. What is the DMCA?

   Digital Millennium Copyright Act, protects digital copyrighted works. Criminalizes circumventing digital rights management and copyright protection.

7. What is the FTC?

   Federal Trade Commission, protects consumers. Government agency that enforces consumer protection and privacy laws.

8. What does 'open source' mean?

   Software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance. Promotes collaboration, transparency, and community-driven development.

9. What is a botnet?

   A network of private computers infected with malicious software. Controlled remotely to perform coordinated attacks or illegal activities.

10. What is the purpose of two-factor authentication?

    To provide an extra layer of security for accounts. Requires something you know and something you have for account access.

11. Identify one ethical issue in AI development.

    Bias in AI algorithms. Algorithms can perpetuate discrimination and unfairness in decision-making.

12. Define 'encryption'.

    Process of converting information into a secure format. Makes data unreadable to unauthorized parties using mathematical algorithms.

13. What is net neutrality?

    Principle that ISPs must treat all data equally. Prevents ISPs from blocking, slowing, or prioritizing certain internet content.

14. What is data privacy?

    Protection of personal data from unauthorized access. Ensures individuals control how their personal information is collected and used.

15. What is the purpose of an EULA?

    To specify terms of use for software. End User License Agreement defines permitted uses and restrictions of software.

16. Define copyright law.

    Law that protects original works of authorship. Grants creators exclusive rights to reproduce, distribute, and display their works.

17. What does COPPA regulate?

    Online privacy of children under 13. Children's Online Privacy Protection Act requires parental consent for data collection.

18. What is the CFAA?

    Computer Fraud and Abuse Act, addresses computer-related offenses. Federal law targeting unauthorized computer access and cyber crimes.

19. What is a trademark?

    A symbol, word, or phrase legally registered for use. Distinguishes goods/services and prevents confusion in the marketplace.

20. What is a zero-day exploit?

    A vulnerability unknown to the software vendor. Particularly dangerous because no patches exist when first discovered.

21. What is an ISP?

    Internet Service Provider. Company that provides internet access and connectivity to consumers.

22. Identify a consequence of digital piracy.

    Loss of revenue for content creators. Reduces income for artists, developers, and legitimate content distributors.

23. Define 'plagiarism'.

    Using someone else's work without giving credit. Violates academic integrity and intellectual property rights of original creators.

24. Define 'identity theft'.

    Use of someone's personal data without consent. Criminal act that can lead to financial fraud and privacy violations.

25. What is an example of a cyberattack?

    Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS). Overwhelms servers with traffic to disrupt services and deny access.

26. What is a firewall?

    A network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing traffic. Acts as barrier between trusted internal networks and untrusted external connections.

27. Define 'fair use'.

    Limited use of copyrighted material without permission. Allows criticism, comment, news reporting, and educational use without infringement.

28. Define 'digital divide'.

    Gap between those with and without digital access. Creates inequality in opportunities and access to information and technology.

29. What is the role of a data protection officer?

    To ensure compliance with data protection laws. Oversees data handling practices and ensures regulatory compliance within organizations.

30. What is a terms of service agreement?

    A legal agreement between a service provider and a user. Outlines rules, responsibilities, and limitations for using a digital service.

31. What is an example of a digital rights management system?

    Apple's FairPlay. Apple's system controls distribution and usage of protected digital content.

32. What is intellectual property?

    Creations of the mind, such as inventions, art, and designs. Covers inventions, artistic works, and other creative outputs that can be legally owned.

33. What is a patent?

    An exclusive right granted for an invention. Provides inventors temporary monopoly rights to commercialize their innovations.

34. Define 'malware'.

    Software designed to harm or exploit any device, service, or network. Includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and other malicious programs.

35. Define 'cyberbullying'.

    Bullying using digital technologies. Uses technology platforms to harass, threaten, or intimidate others online.

36. What is the purpose of a privacy policy?

    To inform users how their data is collected and used. Required by law to ensure transparency in data handling practices.

37. What is an ethical hacker?

    A person who tests and improves security systems. Works legally to identify vulnerabilities before malicious hackers exploit them.

38. Define 'cybersecurity'.

    Protection of computer systems from theft or damage. Involves preventing breaches, malware attacks, and unauthorized access attempts.

39. What is the purpose of the GDPR?

    To protect data privacy in the European Union. Establishes strict rules for data collection, processing, and user consent.

40. What is phishing?

    Fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information. Often uses fake emails or websites to trick users into revealing passwords.

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