Causes and Effects of Demographic Change - AP Comparative Government and Politics
- What is the fertility rate?
- The fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman during her lifetime. Also called total fertility rate (TFR).
- How does the aging population affect labor markets?
- An aging population can lead to labor shortages and increased demand for healthcare jobs. Fewer workers available while healthcare jobs expand rapidly.
- Identify a policy that can influence demographic change.
- Family planning policies can influence birth rates and demographic change. Examples include China's one-child policy or tax incentives.
- What is the dependency ratio?
- The dependency ratio is the ratio of non-working age population to working age population. High ratios strain working-age populations economically.
- What is the role of government policy in demographic change?
- Government policy can influence immigration, birth rates, and resource allocation. Policies shape demographic outcomes through incentives and restrictions.
- Identify a factor that contributes to declining birth rates.
- Increased access to education and contraception contributes to declining birth rates. Women's empowerment reduces desired family sizes globally.
- How can education impact demographic change?
- Education can lead to lower birth rates and improved economic opportunities. Educated women typically have fewer, later children.
- Identify a primary cause of demographic change.
- Birth rates, death rates, and migration are primary causes. These three factors drive all population changes.
- How does economic development affect demographic change?
- Economic development can lead to lower birth and death rates, altering demographics. Follows demographic transition model stages predictably.
- How does technology influence demographic change?
- Technology can improve healthcare and education, impacting demographics. Enables better health outcomes and family planning choices.
- Which factor primarily influences birth rates?
- Cultural norms and access to contraception primarily influence birth rates. Education and women's rights also matter significantly.
- How can healthcare improvements lead to demographic changes?
- Improved healthcare can reduce mortality rates, affecting population growth. Lower mortality extends lifespans, aging populations.
- What is a significant effect of high youth population in a country?
- High youth population can strain educational and employment resources. Creates youth bulge requiring massive infrastructure investment.
- What is demographic change?
- Demographic change refers to alterations in the population's size, structure, and distribution. Encompasses births, deaths, migration, and age distribution shifts.
- What is the impact of a high dependency ratio?
- A high dependency ratio can increase the economic burden on the working population. Fewer workers must support more children and elderly.
- What is a consequence of high migration rates?
- High migration rates can lead to cultural and demographic shifts in a region. Alters ethnic composition and social dynamics permanently.
- Identify an impact of demographic change on housing demand.
- Demographic change can increase demand for housing, affecting real estate markets. Population growth and aging alter housing needs significantly.
- What is the replacement fertility rate?
- The replacement fertility rate is about 2.1 children per woman. Maintains stable population without growth or decline.
- How does increased life expectancy affect demographics?
- Increased life expectancy can lead to an aging population and higher dependency ratios. More elderly people need care from fewer workers.
- What is the demographic transition model?
- A model that describes population change over time through stages of development. Four stages from high birth/death to low birth/death rates.
- Identify a consequence of low birth rates.
- Low birth rates can lead to a shrinking workforce and potential economic decline. Fewer workers support more dependents over time.
- How does urbanization affect demographic change?
- Urbanization can lead to lower birth rates and altered age distribution. Cities typically have smaller families and different age patterns.
- How does population growth affect environmental sustainability?
- Rapid population growth can lead to resource depletion and environmental degradation. More people consume finite resources faster than regeneration.
- How do cultural factors influence demographic trends?
- Cultural factors can affect family size preferences and birth rates. Religion, tradition, and gender roles shape fertility decisions.
- What is the impact of demographic change on social services?
- Demographic change can increase demand for social services like healthcare and education. Population changes drive service demand fluctuations significantly.
- What is the impact of high birth rates on infrastructure?
- High birth rates can strain infrastructure like schools and healthcare facilities. Rapid population growth overwhelms public services capacity.
- What is the concept of carrying capacity in demographics?
- Carrying capacity is the maximum population size an environment can sustain. Environmental limits constrain sustainable population growth.
- What is the significance of age structure in demographics?
- Age structure influences economic growth, dependency ratios, and policy needs. Age distribution determines society's priorities and capabilities.
- What demographic factor can lead to urban sprawl?
- High population growth and urbanization can lead to urban sprawl. More people need space, expanding city boundaries outward.
- Identify an effect of rural-to-urban migration.
- Rural-to-urban migration can lead to urbanization and changes in labor markets. Concentrates population and changes economic sectors.
- What role does immigration play in demographic change?
- Immigration can alter population size and composition, affecting cultural and economic structures. Brings diversity but can create integration challenges.
- What is meant by population aging?
- Population aging refers to an increase in the median age of a population. Results from declining birth rates and rising life expectancy.
- What effect can a high youth population have on politics?
- A high youth population can lead to increased political activism and demand for change. Young voters often challenge established political systems.
- What is the significance of the demographic dividend?
- A demographic dividend occurs when a country has a large working-age population and low dependency ratio. Peak productive population drives economic growth temporarily.
- How does globalization affect demographic trends?
- Globalization can lead to increased migration and cultural exchange, affecting demographics. Creates brain drain and gain between countries.
- What effect does an aging population have on a country's economy?
- An aging population can increase pension and healthcare costs. More elderly require costly services while fewer work.
- Identify a demographic challenge for developing countries.
- High youth unemployment is a demographic challenge for developing countries. Large youth cohorts need jobs but lack experience.
- Which demographic measure is used to calculate population growth?
- Population growth can be measured by the rate of natural increase and net migration. Combines births minus deaths plus net migration.
- What is population density?
- Population density is the number of people living per unit area. Measured as people per square kilometer or mile.