Structure of Metals and Alloys - AP Chemistry

State the coordination number in a hexagonal close-packed lattice.

12. Maximum possible coordination number for spherical atoms.
What is the primary component of bronze?

Copper. Bronze is traditionally a copper-tin alloy.
Define the term 'interstitial alloy'.

An alloy with smaller atoms in interstices of the metal lattice. Small atoms fit into gaps between larger metal atoms.
What is the effect of alloying on metal conductivity?

Usually decreases conductivity. Foreign atoms scatter electrons, reducing electron mobility.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a face-centered cubic cell.

$\frac{74}{100}$ or 74\%. FCC has maximum packing efficiency for spherical atoms.
What is the term for metals' ability to be hammered into sheets?

Malleability. Layers of atoms can shift while maintaining metallic bonding.
Identify the crystal structure with the highest packing efficiency.

Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both achieve 74% packing efficiency, the theoretical maximum.
What is the coordination number in a body-centered cubic lattice?

8. Each atom touches 8 nearest neighbors in this structure.
Name a property that distinguishes metals from nonmetals.

Shiny luster. Delocalized electrons reflect light across visible spectrum.
Which type of alloy involves the insertion of smaller atoms into a metal lattice?

Interstitial alloy. Small atoms fit into spaces between larger lattice atoms.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and center.

Body-centered cubic. Has one atom at each corner and one in the center.
Which alloy is primarily made of aluminum and copper?

Duralumin. A strong, lightweight aluminum alloy used in aerospace.
State the reason metals have high melting points.

Strong metallic bonds. Extensive delocalized bonding requires high energy to break.
What is a common use of aluminum alloys?

Aircraft construction. Lightweight aluminum alloys provide strength without excess weight.
What is the coordination number in a face-centered cubic lattice?

12. Each atom is surrounded by 12 nearest neighbors.
Identify the arrangement of atoms in a metal lattice.

A regular, repeating pattern. Atoms are arranged in an orderly, periodic structure.
Define the term 'interstitial alloy'.

An alloy with smaller atoms in interstices of the metal lattice. Small atoms fit into gaps between larger metal atoms.
What is a common use of aluminum alloys?

Aircraft construction. Lightweight aluminum alloys provide strength without excess weight.
What property of metals allows them to be deformed without breaking?

Plasticity. Ability to deform permanently without fracturing under stress.
What is the primary component of brass?

Copper. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy with copper predominating.
Name a common alloy of iron and carbon.

Steel. Carbon atoms fit into iron's crystal lattice interstitially.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and center.

Body-centered cubic. Has one atom at each corner and one in the center.
Which alloy is primarily made of aluminum and copper?

Duralumin. A strong, lightweight aluminum alloy used in aerospace.
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 8?

Body-centered cubic. BCC structure has 8 nearest neighbors per atom.
Define the term 'substitutional alloy'.

An alloy with atoms replaced by other metal atoms of similar size. Different metal atoms occupy lattice positions directly.
What is the coordination number in a face-centered cubic lattice?

12. Each atom is surrounded by 12 nearest neighbors.
What is an alloy?

A mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal. Combines metals with other elements to enhance properties.
What is the effect of alloying on metal hardness?

Increases hardness. Different atoms disrupt lattice, preventing easy deformation.
Identify a metal with a hexagonal close-packed structure.

Magnesium. Many metals naturally adopt the HCP crystal structure.
Which property of metals results from electron cloud overlap?

Electrical conductivity. Overlapping electron clouds enable charge flow.
Which property of metals results from electron cloud overlap?

Electrical conductivity. Overlapping electron clouds enable charge flow.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a face-centered cubic cell.

$\frac{74}{100}$ or 74%. FCC has maximum packing efficiency for spherical atoms.
State the type of bonding found in metals.

Metallic bonding. Formed by delocalized electrons creating a 'sea' of electrons.
What is a primary characteristic of amorphous metals?

Lack of long-range order. Atoms lack organized, repeating crystalline structure.
Define the term 'substitutional alloy'.

An alloy with atoms replaced by other metal atoms of similar size. Different metal atoms occupy lattice positions directly.
Which type of alloy involves the insertion of smaller atoms into a metal lattice?

Interstitial alloy. Small atoms fit into spaces between larger lattice atoms.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a face-centered cubic cell.

$\frac{74}{100}$ or 74%. FCC has maximum packing efficiency for spherical atoms.
What is the effect of impurities on the brittleness of metals?

Increases brittleness. Foreign atoms create stress points that promote fracturing.
Which property allows metals to reflect light?

Free electrons. Mobile electrons can absorb and re-emit photons effectively.
State the reason metals have high melting points.

Strong metallic bonds. Extensive delocalized bonding requires high energy to break.
What is the role of delocalized electrons in metal properties?

Contribute to conductivity and malleability. Free electrons enable both electrical flow and deformation.
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 12?

Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both FCC and HCP maximize nearest neighbor contacts.
What property of metals allows them to be deformed without breaking?

Plasticity. Ability to deform permanently without fracturing under stress.
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 8?

Body-centered cubic. BCC structure has 8 nearest neighbors per atom.
Define the term 'interstitial alloy'.

An alloy with smaller atoms in interstices of the metal lattice. Small atoms fit into gaps between larger metal atoms.
What is the effect of alloying on metal hardness?

Increases hardness. Different atoms disrupt lattice, preventing easy deformation.
State the type of bonding found in metals.

Metallic bonding. Formed by delocalized electrons creating a 'sea' of electrons.
What is the basic structural unit of metals?

The crystal lattice. The repeating 3D arrangement of metal atoms in space.
What is the primary component of bronze?

Copper. Bronze is traditionally a copper-tin alloy.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a body-centered cubic cell.

$\frac{68}{100}$ or 68%. BCC packing is less efficient than close-packed structures.
Which type of alloy involves replacing some metal atoms with other metal atoms?

Substitutional alloy. Similar-sized atoms directly replace original metal atoms.
What is the term for metals' ability to be drawn into wires?

Ductility. Metal atoms can slide past each other without breaking bonds.
What is the term for metals' ability to be hammered into sheets?

Malleability. Layers of atoms can shift while maintaining metallic bonding.
Which metal is added to steel to make stainless steel?

Chromium. Chromium forms a protective oxide layer preventing corrosion.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and face.

Face-centered cubic. Has atoms at corners and centers of each face.
What is the effect of alloying on metal conductivity?

Usually decreases conductivity. Foreign atoms scatter electrons, reducing electron mobility.
What is the role of delocalized electrons in metal properties?

Contribute to conductivity and malleability. Free electrons enable both electrical flow and deformation.
Which metal is added to steel to make stainless steel?

Chromium. Chromium forms a protective oxide layer preventing corrosion.
State the type of bonding found in metals.

Metallic bonding. Formed by delocalized electrons creating a 'sea' of electrons.
What is the basic structural unit of metals?

The crystal lattice. The repeating 3D arrangement of metal atoms in space.
What is the primary benefit of alloying metals?

Enhanced properties such as strength and resistance. Combining metals creates materials superior to pure components.
What is the primary benefit of alloying metals?

Enhanced properties such as strength and resistance. Combining metals creates materials superior to pure components.
Identify the crystal structure with the highest packing efficiency.

Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both achieve 74% packing efficiency, the theoretical maximum.
What is the term for metals' ability to be hammered into sheets?

Malleability. Layers of atoms can shift while maintaining metallic bonding.
What is the coordination number in a face-centered cubic lattice?

12. Each atom is surrounded by 12 nearest neighbors.
Identify the structure type: atoms are tightly packed in layers.

Close-packed structure. Atoms are arranged to minimize empty space efficiently.
Identify the arrangement of atoms in a metal lattice.

A regular, repeating pattern. Atoms are arranged in an orderly, periodic structure.
What is an alloy?

A mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal. Combines metals with other elements to enhance properties.
What is the primary benefit of alloying metals?

Enhanced properties such as strength and resistance. Combining metals creates materials superior to pure components.
What is a common use of aluminum alloys?

Aircraft construction. Lightweight aluminum alloys provide strength without excess weight.
What is the effect of alloying on metal hardness?

Increases hardness. Different atoms disrupt lattice, preventing easy deformation.
What is the effect of alloying on metal conductivity?

Usually decreases conductivity. Foreign atoms scatter electrons, reducing electron mobility.
What is the effect of impurities on the brittleness of metals?

Increases brittleness. Foreign atoms create stress points that promote fracturing.
Which property allows metals to reflect light?

Free electrons. Mobile electrons can absorb and re-emit photons effectively.
What is a primary characteristic of amorphous metals?

Lack of long-range order. Atoms lack organized, repeating crystalline structure.
Which type of alloy involves the insertion of smaller atoms into a metal lattice?

Interstitial alloy. Small atoms fit into spaces between larger lattice atoms.
What is the primary component of brass?

Copper. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy with copper predominating.
Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?

Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
What is the basic structural unit of metals?

The crystal lattice. The repeating 3D arrangement of metal atoms in space.
What is a primary characteristic of amorphous metals?

Lack of long-range order. Atoms lack organized, repeating crystalline structure.
Name a property that distinguishes metals from nonmetals.

Shiny luster. Delocalized electrons reflect light across visible spectrum.
What is the coordination number in a body-centered cubic lattice?

8. Each atom touches 8 nearest neighbors in this structure.
What is the coordination number in a body-centered cubic lattice?

8. Each atom touches 8 nearest neighbors in this structure.
Which alloy is primarily made of aluminum and copper?

Duralumin. A strong, lightweight aluminum alloy used in aerospace.
Which property of metals results from electron cloud overlap?

Electrical conductivity. Overlapping electron clouds enable charge flow.
What is the primary component of brass?

Copper. Brass is a copper-zinc alloy with copper predominating.
What is the term for metals' ability to be drawn into wires?

Ductility. Metal atoms can slide past each other without breaking bonds.
State the reason metals have high melting points.

Strong metallic bonds. Extensive delocalized bonding requires high energy to break.
What property of metals allows them to be deformed without breaking?

Plasticity. Ability to deform permanently without fracturing under stress.
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 8?

Body-centered cubic. BCC structure has 8 nearest neighbors per atom.
What is the role of delocalized electrons in metal properties?

Contribute to conductivity and malleability. Free electrons enable both electrical flow and deformation.
Identify the arrangement of atoms in a metal lattice.

A regular, repeating pattern. Atoms are arranged in an orderly, periodic structure.
Name a common alloy of iron and carbon.

Steel. Carbon atoms fit into iron's crystal lattice interstitially.
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 12?

Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both FCC and HCP maximize nearest neighbor contacts.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and center.

Body-centered cubic. Has one atom at each corner and one in the center.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a body-centered cubic cell.

$\frac{68}{100}$ or 68%. BCC packing is less efficient than close-packed structures.
Which metal is added to steel to make stainless steel?

Chromium. Chromium forms a protective oxide layer preventing corrosion.
Identify the crystal structure with the highest packing efficiency.

Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both achieve 74% packing efficiency, the theoretical maximum.
Name a common alloy of iron and carbon.

Steel. Carbon atoms fit into iron's crystal lattice interstitially.
What is an alloy?

A mixture of two or more elements, with at least one metal. Combines metals with other elements to enhance properties.
What is the primary component of bronze?

Copper. Bronze is traditionally a copper-tin alloy.
Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?

Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and face.

Face-centered cubic. Has atoms at corners and centers of each face.
Name a property that distinguishes metals from nonmetals.

Shiny luster. Delocalized electrons reflect light across visible spectrum.
Define the term 'substitutional alloy'.

An alloy with atoms replaced by other metal atoms of similar size. Different metal atoms occupy lattice positions directly.
Which property allows metals to conduct electricity?

Delocalized electrons. Mobile electrons move freely throughout the metal lattice.
What is the effect of impurities on the brittleness of metals?

Increases brittleness. Foreign atoms create stress points that promote fracturing.
Which metal structure has a coordination number of 12?

Face-centered cubic or hexagonal close-packed. Both FCC and HCP maximize nearest neighbor contacts.
State the fraction of space occupied by atoms in a body-centered cubic cell.

$\frac{68}{100}$ or 68%. BCC packing is less efficient than close-packed structures.
Which property allows metals to reflect light?

Free electrons. Mobile electrons can absorb and re-emit photons effectively.
Identify the unit cell type with atoms at each corner and face.

Face-centered cubic. Has atoms at corners and centers of each face.

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