Translation - AP Biology
- Identify the role of the poly-A tail in mRNA.
- Stability and regulation of translation. Protects mRNA from degradation and aids translation.
- Identify the role of GTP in translation.
- Provides energy for translation steps. GTP hydrolysis drives conformational changes in translation.
- What is the function of the signal peptide?
- Directs protein to specific location. Targets proteins to endoplasmic reticulum or organelles.
- Identify the primary structure of a protein.
- Sequence of amino acids. Linear order of amino acids in polypeptide chain.
- Find the correct anticodon for mRNA codon 5'-UAA-3'.
- No anticodon; it's a stop codon. Stop codons have no corresponding tRNA molecules.
- Identify the role of the Kozak sequence.
- Enhances translation in eukaryotes. Optimizes start codon recognition in eukaryotic cells.
- Find the complementary mRNA for DNA: 3'-TAC-5'.
- 5'-AUG-3'. Transcription produces mRNA complementary to template DNA.
- Which molecule provides energy for translation?
- GTP. Hydrolyzed to power translation machinery movements.
- Which molecule is necessary for translation elongation?
- Elongation factors. Required proteins for peptide chain extension.
- What is the role of mRNA in translation?
- Carries genetic code from DNA to ribosome. Template molecule that specifies protein sequence.
- What is the function of the A site in the ribosome?
- Holds tRNA carrying the next amino acid. The aminoacyl site where new tRNA enters during elongation.
- What is the start codon in mRNA translation?
- AUG. The universal start codon that signals translation initiation.
- Which organelle is the site of protein synthesis?
- Ribosome. The cellular machinery where mRNA is translated into proteins.
- What is the role of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase?
- Attaches amino acids to tRNA. Ensures correct amino acid-tRNA pairing for translation.
- What molecule carries genetic information?
- mRNA. Messenger RNA templates specify protein sequences.
- What is the function of the P site in the ribosome?
- Holds tRNA carrying growing polypeptide chain. The peptidyl site containing the growing protein chain.
- Which enzyme catalyzes peptide bond formation?
- Peptidyl transferase. rRNA enzyme that creates peptide bonds between amino acids.
- Which region of tRNA pairs with mRNA codon?
- Anticodon. Three-base sequence complementary to mRNA codons.
- Find the correct sequence: mRNA: 5'-AUG-3'.
- tRNA: 3'-UAC-5'. Anticodons are complementary and antiparallel to codons.
- Identify the purpose of the Shine-Dalgarno sequence.
- Ribosome binding site in prokaryotic mRNA. Helps prokaryotic ribosomes locate translation start site.
- What is released when a stop codon is reached?
- Release factor. Proteins that recognize stop codons and end translation.
- What process follows translation in protein synthesis?
- Protein folding and modification. Post-translational processing creates functional proteins.
- What is the final step of translation?
- Termination. When stop codons trigger protein release from ribosome.
- What is the role of rRNA in ribosomes?
- Structural and catalytic functions. rRNA provides ribosomal structure and enzymatic activity.
- What binds to the stop codon during termination?
- Release factor. Proteins that recognize stop codons to end synthesis.
- What molecule carries amino acids to the ribosome?
- tRNA. Transfer RNA molecules transport specific amino acids to ribosomes.
- What is the purpose of the 5' cap in eukaryotic mRNA?
- Protects mRNA and aids ribosome binding. Enhances mRNA stability and ribosome recognition.
- Which enzyme is responsible for charging tRNA?
- Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Attaches correct amino acids to their specific tRNAs.
- Identify the sequence of translation steps.
- Initiation, Elongation, Termination. The three phases of protein synthesis in order.
- What type of RNA facilitates peptide bond formation?
- rRNA. Ribosomal RNA acts as the peptidyl transferase enzyme.
- What is the function of elongation factors?
- Facilitate elongation of polypeptide chain. Proteins that help tRNA move through ribosomal sites.
- Choose the correct tRNA anticodon for mRNA codon 5'-GCU-3'.
- 3'-CGA-5'. Anticodons read codons in complementary, antiparallel fashion.
- What does the E site in a ribosome do?
- Exit site for discharged tRNA. Where empty tRNA molecules leave the ribosome.
- Which process involves ribosome scanning for AUG?
- Translation initiation. Ribosome assembly and positioning at start codon.
- What is the function of a polysome?
- Multiple ribosomes translating a single mRNA. Increases protein production efficiency from single mRNA.
- Identify the bond formed between amino acids.
- Peptide bond. Covalent linkage connecting amino acids in proteins.
- Which molecule initiates translation?
- Initiator tRNA. Special tRNA carrying methionine that starts translation.