Mutations - AP Biology
- What is induced mutation?
- A mutation caused by environmental factors. Results from exposure to mutagens in the environment.
- What is a back mutation?
- A mutation that reverses the effect of a previous mutation. Restores original gene function through reversion.
- What is a spontaneous mutation?
- A mutation that occurs without external influence. Arises from normal cellular processes like DNA replication errors.
- Identify mutation: change results in a stop codon.
- Nonsense mutation. Creates premature termination of protein synthesis.
- What is a nonsense mutation?
- A mutation that introduces a premature stop codon. Truncates protein synthesis early, often disrupting function.
- What is a lethal mutation?
- A mutation that results in the death of the organism. Severely impairs organism survival or reproduction.
- What is a silent mutation?
- A mutation that does not change the amino acid sequence. Due to genetic code degeneracy, same amino acid encoded.
- What is a translocation mutation?
- A mutation where chromosome segments are rearranged. Moves genetic material between different chromosomes.
- What type of mutation: substitution of a purine for a pyrimidine?
- Transversion mutation. Purine to pyrimidine or pyrimidine to purine substitution.
- What is a mutation?
- A change in the nucleotide sequence of DNA. The fundamental alteration that can affect gene function.
- Identify mutation: segment of chromosome is deleted.
- Deletion mutation. Loss of genetic material and associated genes.
- What is genomic instability?
- Increased tendency of genome to acquire mutations. Defective DNA repair leads to mutation accumulation.
- Which mutation: exchange of segments between non-homologous chromosomes?
- Translocation mutation. Segments move from one chromosome to another.
- Which mutation type: AAG to AAA?
- A silent mutation. Both codons encode lysine due to genetic code redundancy.
- Identify mutation type: a single base change does not alter protein sequence.
- Silent mutation. Synonymous substitution maintains protein sequence.
- What is a neutral mutation?
- A mutation with no effect on an organism's fitness. Does not affect survival or reproductive success.
- What is a missense mutation?
- A mutation that results in a different amino acid. Changes protein structure by altering amino acid sequence.
- What is a genetic mutation?
- A permanent alteration in the DNA sequence. Cannot be reversed and passes to offspring if in gametes.
- What is a gene duplication mutation?
- A mutation that results in multiple copies of a gene. Can lead to gene dosage effects and imbalances.
- Identify the mutation type: ATCG to ATCCG.
- An insertion mutation. An extra C was added between positions 3 and 4.
- Identify mutation type: insertion of a nucleotide alters protein function.
- Frameshift mutation. Insertion disrupts reading frame, altering all downstream codons.
- What is a tumor suppressor gene?
- A gene that protects a cell from one step on the path to cancer. Prevents cancer by regulating cell division.
- Identify the mutation: a single nucleotide is replaced, resulting in an amino acid change.
- Missense mutation. Point mutation that alters the encoded amino acid.
- Identify the mutation type: ATGC to AGGC.
- A transversion mutation. T (pyrimidine) to G (purine) is purine-pyrimidine switch.
- Identify mutation type: an extra chromosome is present.
- Aneuploidy. Abnormal chromosome number disrupts gene dosage.
- Identify mutation: a segment of chromosome is duplicated.
- Duplication mutation. Creates extra copies of genes in that segment.
- What is a frameshift mutation consequence?
- Altered reading frame leading to incorrect protein synthesis. Disrupts triplet codon reading pattern downstream.
- What is a frameshift mutation?
- A mutation that shifts the reading frame of codons. Insertions or deletions shift all downstream codons.
- Identify the type of mutation: ACTG to ACG.
- A deletion mutation. One nucleotide (T) was removed, shortening the sequence.
- What is a genetic disorder caused by mutations?
- A disease resulting from gene mutations. Mutations disrupt normal gene function causing illness.
- Identify mutation type: substitution of a pyrimidine for a pyrimidine.
- Transition mutation. Same chemical class substitution (purine-purine or pyrimidine-pyrimidine).
- What is an advantageous mutation?
- A mutation that provides a survival benefit. Improves fitness and may be selected for.
- What is an inversion mutation?
- A mutation where a chromosome segment is reversed. Gene order is flipped but all genes remain present.
- What is a chromosomal mutation?
- A mutation that affects the structure of chromosomes. Large-scale changes involving chromosome structure.
- What is a mutagen?
- An agent that induces mutations in DNA. External factors that increase mutation rates.
- What is a conditional mutation?
- A mutation that expresses under certain conditions. Temperature-sensitive or other environmental triggers.
- Identify mutation type: CCG to CCA where both code for Proline.
- Silent mutation. Genetic code degeneracy allows same amino acid coding.