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Practice Test 3 - Anatomy and Physiology

20 questions. Answer them in any order, then submit to see your score and every explanation.

  1. During a 10-second sprint, which energy system supplies ATP fastest: ATP stores, creatine phosphate, or glycolysis?
  2. Use the graph to answer the question. The graph shows the relationship between sarcomere length and tension development in skeletal muscle. A student notes that at point X, tension is reduced compared to the optimal length. What structural explanation accounts for this tension reduction according to sliding filament theory?
  3. A patient with pulmonary edema has thickened alveolar-capillary membranes. Blood entering the pulmonary capillaries has PO2 = 40 mmHg and PCO2 = 46 mmHg. Alveolar air has PO2 = 100 mmHg and PCO2 = 40 mmHg. If the diffusion rate for CO2 is 20 times faster than for O2, which statement best explains the expected blood gas changes?
  4. Which statement best describes signal amplification in membrane receptor pathways for peptide hormones?
  5. A neurobiologist is studying action potential propagation in two axons of identical diameter: one myelinated and one unmyelinated. Both axons have the same total length and identical voltage-gated channel densities. If action potentials are initiated simultaneously at the beginning of both axons, what would be the most accurate prediction about their propagation?
  6. A patient has been taking an ACE inhibitor medication for several weeks. Which combination of effects on the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) would be expected?
  7. Which receptor type is most commonly associated with steroid hormones such as cortisol in target tissues?
  8. A patient with diabetes insipidus produces large volumes of dilute urine due to ADH deficiency. If this patient's nephrons were functioning normally except for the lack of ADH action, what would be the expected osmolarity of the medullary interstitium compared to a healthy individual?
  9. A patient with heart failure receives a loop diuretic. After 24 hours, urine output increases significantly, but the patient develops muscle cramps and cardiac arrhythmias. Laboratory results show serum potassium of 2.8 mEq/L (normal: 3.5-5.0 mEq/L). Which mechanism best explains this electrolyte disturbance?
  10. A trauma patient has lost 1.5 liters of blood over 30 minutes. Blood pressure is 70/40 mmHg, heart rate is 130 bpm, and the patient appears pale and diaphoretic. Which compensatory mechanism would have the GREATEST immediate impact on maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure?
  11. A woman with regular 28-day cycles wants to use natural family planning methods. She is tracking her basal body temperature (BBT) as an indicator of ovulation. Her temperature typically rises by 0.4-0.6°F and remains elevated for about 12-14 days before dropping just before menstruation. What is the primary hormonal mechanism responsible for this temperature pattern?
  12. During forced expiration, the intrapleural pressure becomes positive (+5 mmHg) while alveolar pressure reaches +20 mmHg. What is the transpulmonary pressure, and what does this indicate about the driving force for airflow?
  13. Which of the following is a correct example of an amine hormone acting via membrane receptors and second messengers?
  14. A trauma patient arrives with the following vital signs and lab results: blood pressure 70/40 mmHg, heart rate 140 bpm, respiratory rate 28 breaths/min, temperature 97.2°F, hemoglobin 6.2 g/dL (normal 12-16), hematocrit 18% (normal 36-46%), lactate 6.8 mmol/L (normal <2.0), and base deficit -8 mEq/L (normal ±2). Which compensatory mechanism is being overwhelmed?
  15. An epithelial cell maintains an internal K+ concentration of 140 mM when the external K+ concentration is 5 mM. The membrane potential is -70 mV (inside negative). Given that the equilibrium potential for K+ is approximately -90 mV, what can be concluded about K+ transport in this cell?
  16. A patient presents with anhidrosis (inability to sweat) affecting the entire body surface due to a rare genetic condition. During moderate exercise in a 75°F environment, which compensatory mechanism would be MOST critical for preventing hyperthermia?
  17. A neuroscience experiment involves recording from neurons at different levels of the nervous system. When researchers record from neurons in the dorsal root ganglia, they observe action potentials that increase in frequency when skin receptors are stimulated. When they record from neurons in the ventral horn of the spinal cord, they observe action potentials that precede muscle contractions. What do these observations indicate about pathway organization?
  18. Which accessory structure is involved in the production of sebum and what is its purpose?
  19. A researcher applies electrical stimulation to isolated segments of autonomic nerves and measures the resulting tissue responses. Stimulation of one nerve type causes pupil constriction, increased salivation, and decreased heart rate, while stimulation of another nerve type produces opposite effects. What explains the different responses to acetylcholine release from these two nerve types?
  20. In the first 15 seconds of a sprint, what is the correct sequence of dominant energy systems?

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