Model/Diagram Interpretation (Cross-Sections, Pathways) - Anatomy and Physiology

1. In a transverse section of the thorax, which organ occupies most of the middle mediastinum between the lungs?

   The heart, enclosed in the pericardium.

2. In circulatory diagrams, what do red and blue usually indicate?

   Red indicates oxygen-rich blood and blue indicates oxygen-poor blood, regardless of whether the vessel is an artery or a vein.

3. When tracing chyme, which sphincter does it pass through as it leaves the stomach?

   The pyloric sphincter, which controls emptying into the duodenum.

4. In a transverse section through the shaft of a long bone, what is the central hollow space?

   The medullary cavity, surrounded by a ring of compact bone.

5. How does a straight tube appear when cut along its length (longitudinal section)?

   As two parallel walls with an elongated lumen running between them.

6. How does a straight tube, such as a blood vessel, appear when cut in cross section?

   As a ring: a circular wall surrounding a central lumen.

7. How does a straight tube appear when cut at an oblique angle?

   As an oval (elliptical) ring, longer in one direction than the other.

8. Why can one coiled tubule, such as a sweat gland, appear as several separate circles in a single section?

   The thin section cuts through the same coiled tube at several points, so each pass appears as its own circular profile.

9. On an anatomical diagram of a person facing the viewer, on which side of the page is the subject's right side?

   On the viewer's left. Right and left on a diagram always refer to the subject's own sides.

10. When tracing the path of inhaled air, which structure comes immediately after the larynx?

    The trachea.

11. When tracing bile, the common hepatic duct joins which duct to form the common bile duct?

    The cystic duct, which connects to the gallbladder.

12. An artery and its companion vein appear side by side in a cross section. Which has the thicker wall and rounder lumen?

    The artery. Its thick tunica media keeps it round, while the thin-walled vein often looks collapsed or irregular.

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