Human Anatomy and Physiology : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

Study concepts, example questions & explanations for Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Example Questions

Example Question #31 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What layer of the epidermis is considered the basal layer?

Possible Answers:

Stratum germinativum 

Stratum corneum

Stratum granulosum

Stratum spinosum

Stratum lucidum 

Correct answer:

Stratum germinativum 

Explanation:

The order of the strata of the epidermal cells from superficial to deep is corneum, lucidum, granulosum, spinosum, germinativum (basale). Note that in thin skin the stratum lucidum is absent.

Example Question #32 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

The epidermis is __________.

Possible Answers:

the middle layer of skin

the most superficial layer of skin

the layer of fat under the skin

the most internal layer of skin

Correct answer:

the most superficial layer of skin

Explanation:

The epidermis is the most superficial or top layer of skin. From most external to internal, the skin layers are: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The layer of fat under the skin is called subcutaneous fat. 

Example Question #33 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

Which plasma membrane component helps stabilize the membrane? 

Possible Answers:

Glycolipids

Cholesterol molecules

Receptor tyrosine kinases

Channel proteins

Correct answer:

Cholesterol molecules

Explanation:

Cholesterol molecules are found within the phospholipid bilayer to provide stabilization to the membrane. The phospholipid bilayer itself is a flexible, semi-permeable membrane that forms the barrier between cellular compartments. Glycolipids are fats with chains of identifying sugars on them, that allow the cell to be recognizable to other cells. Channel proteins allow the passage of certain substances, depending on their size and electrical charge and receptor tyrosine kinases are a specific class of cell membrane receptors.

Example Question #34 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What is the metaphysis?

Possible Answers:

The end of a long bone

The marrow cavity

The dense outer layer of bone

The area between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Correct answer:

The area between the diaphysis and epiphysis

Explanation:

The metaphysis is the area between the epiphysis and the diaphysis. It also contains the epiphyseal line/plate. The epiphysis is the end of a long bone. The marrow cavity is also known as the medullary cavity and it is where blood cells are produced. The cortical bone (also known as compact bone) is the dense outer layer of bone. 

Example Question #35 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What are the different classifications of bones?

Possible Answers:

Long, sesamoid, flat, irregular, and short

Long, oblique, irregular, and short

Articular, cranial, axial, sesamoid

Hard, brittle, flexible, and compact

Correct answer:

Long, sesamoid, flat, irregular, and short

Explanation:

Long bones are longer than they are wide, example being the femur (thigh bone), sesamoid bones are formed inside tendons, example being the patella (kneecap), flat bones are thin plates of bone, such as skull bones, irregular bones are those that do not fall in any other categories such as the sphenoid bone in the skull, short bones tend to be equal length and width such as metacarpals (wrist bones).

Example Question #36 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What structure(s) pass through the diaphragm at T10?

Possible Answers:

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Azygous vein and aorta

Phrenic nerve

Esophagus and vagus nerve

Thoracic duct

Correct answer:

Esophagus and vagus nerve

Explanation:

The diaphragm has 3 main hiatuses – The first is at T8 through which the IVC passes through.The second is at T10 through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass and the final hiatus is at T12 through which the Aorta, azygous vein and the thoraci lymphatic duct. A helpful mneumonic for this is I ATE (8), TEN EGGS At 12. I is for IVC with the ATE representing T8. The TEN for T10 and the EGGS stand for Esophagus, two g's for the two vaGus and the At for Aorta, which passes through the diaphragm at T12. 

Example Question #37 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What structure(s) pass through the diaphragm at T12?

Possible Answers:

Hepatic vein

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Phrenic nerve

Aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic lymphatic duct

Esophagus and vagus nerve

Correct answer:

Aorta, azygous vein, and thoracic lymphatic duct

Explanation:

The diaphragm has 3 main hiatuses – The first is at T8 through which the IVC passes through.The second is at T10 through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass and the final hiatus is at T12 through which the Aorta, azygous vein and the thoraci lymphatic duct. A helpful mneumonic for this is I ATE (8), TEN EGGS At 12. I is for IVC with the ATE representing T8. The TEN for T10 and the EGGS stand for Esophagus, two g's for the two vaGus and the At for Aorta, which passes through the diaphragm at T12. 

Example Question #38 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What structure(s) pass through the diaphragm at the level of T8?

Possible Answers:

Aorta

Esophagus and vagus nerve

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Phrenic nerve

Azygous vein

Correct answer:

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Explanation:

The diaphragm has 3 main hiatuses – The first is at T8 through which the IVC passes through.The second is at T10 through which the esophagus and vagus nerve pass and the final hiatus is at T12 through which the Aorta, azygous vein and the thoraci lymphatic duct. A helpful mneumonic for this is I ATE (8), TEN EGGS At 12. I is for IVC with the ATE representing T8. The TEN for T10 and the EGGS stand for Esophagus, two g's for the two vaGus and the At for Aorta, which passes through the diaphragm at T12. 

Example Question #39 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What lymphatic structure drains the left upper extremity and thorax as well as the lower extremities?

Possible Answers:

Right lymphatic duct

Hepatic vein

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Thoracic lymphatic duct

Superior vena cava (SVC)

Correct answer:

Thoracic lymphatic duct

Explanation:

The correct answer is the thoracic lympahtic duct. It drains the entire body excluding the right upper extremity and face. The venous system is separate from the lymphatic system, thus the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and hepatic vein are incorrect answers. The thoracic lymphatic duct enters the venous circulation at the left subclavian vein.

Example Question #40 : Identifying Other Anatomical Structures

What structure is responsible for draining the right upper extremity, right face, and right thorax?

Possible Answers:

Superior vena cava (SVC)

Inferior vena cava (IVC)

Right lympathic duct

Hepatic vein

Thoracic lymphatic duct

Correct answer:

Right lympathic duct

Explanation:

The correct answer is the right lympahtic duct. It drains the right side of the body except for the right lower extremity which is drained by the thoracic duct. The venous system is separate from the lymphatic system, thus the superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and hepatic vein are incorrect answers. The thoracic lymphatic duct enters the venous circulation at the right subclavian vein.

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